Proper Arctic clothing is based on a functional layering system: moisture-wicking base layers, insulating mid-layers, and windproof and/or waterproof outer shells. Best practice is to apply an “over-the-top layering system,” which allows additional insulation to be added without removing the protective outer shell. All layers — especially footwear — must be sufficiently loose to prevent restricted blood circulation and to allow insulating air to remain between the layers.
There is no single garment or material that performs perfectly in all Arctic conditions. Clothing must always be adjusted according to temperature, wind, activity level, and moisture management. Wind protection is critical, as the windchill effect significantly increases heat loss and accelerates the onset of cold injuries. Particular attention must be given to protecting extremities — hands, feet, head and face — as these areas lose heat rapidly and are most vulnerable to frostbite. So if your feet are cold, put on a hat. But remember to wear proper footwear as well!
Effective cold-weather clothing is governed by basic physical principles: insulation through trapped air, moisture control to prevent conductive heat loss, and protection against convective heat loss caused by wind. While modern technical materials can improve weight, packability, and ease of use, the underlying laws of thermodynamics have not changed. We understand these principles in depth and have also studied traditional Arctic clothing systems, for example the methods the Sámi people have used for centuries to survive in northern environments. Our guidance integrates both proven traditional knowledge and modern materials science to ensure safe, practical performance in demanding Arctic work conditions.